Peter Senge on Science, Spirituality & Worldviews

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https://www.kosmosjournal.org/article/peter-senge-on-science-spirituality-worldviews/

Peter Senge on Science, Spirituality & Worldviews

By Peter M. Senge

Published in Fall | Winter 2003

Nancy Roof:

Shifts in mental models of thinking will be required to build

our global future. You suggest that the important Worldviews today are

naturalism, rationalism and humanism. Would you explain?

Peter Senge:

Those are basically three ways of saying who we are as human

beings — head, heart, and hands. People have said it in many different

ways. Chinese culture has three different traditions: Taoism, which is

physically based; Confucianism, which is relational or the social

philosophy of the heart; and Buddhism, which is more mentally centered.

We have a tremendous imbalance in our schools with so much emphasis on

the pure development of the intellect. Rationalism is the dominant

worldview today. The primary example of this is the economic worldview that

basically says no person does anything unless self-interest is involved and

the benefits exceed the costs. It’s not very enlightened or thrilling, but

that’s rational-economic man.

Also we are aware that we are part of nature. We are physical. We live in

a body, and that is in a process of continual construction, so we are tied

to the unfolding of the universe. Every seven years every cell in the body

is replaced. We have a very deep sense of connection to nature. I don’t

know of anyone who hasn’t had a profound experience in nature. So that kind

of naturalism or physicalism is a critical part of our nature. I also think

that learning is nature. The best definition of learning I know is Tom

Johnson’s: “Learning is a process of discovering and embodying nature’s

patterns.” What is walking? It is discovering and embodying a pattern of

mobility that nature makes possible for this particular physiology.

Humanism, the third worldview, points to our life as a journey of becoming

a human being, which includes but goes beyond the physical and the mental

aspects of existence.

We have substituted the rational-economic man viewpoint for a more

integrated one. This worldview dominates today. It runs the modern world

and our societies, and is programmed into our kids from a very early age.

Ultimately, it cannot supplant the deeper awareness that there is more to

life than how much you acquire. But it’s a kind of brainwashing that goes

on in modern society, particularly with the powerful, ever present media we

have. You actually start to be convinced that the key to your happiness is

that car you are about to buy. At another level all human beings know the

craziness of it. Eric Hofer, a famous mid-20th century philosopher, had a

wonderful way of saying it. “You can never get enough of what you don’t

really need to make you happy.” It is a brilliant statement because it

makes two important points about our predicament simultaneously. The first

is obviously about human nature. But it also makes a point about the

economic system, a system based on deluding people about what will make

them happy, and thereby creating a self-reinforcing engine of growth based

on insatiable desires, the engine that drives the modern economy. So, we

live in a kind of crazy world. We are sleepwalking into disaster, going

faster and faster to get to where no one wants to be.

NR: You speak about the new unfolding story of the universe. It is alive

and carries a psychic-spiritual dimension as well as a physical-material

one. What is this story and what difference would it make if we embraced

it? Can it be reconciled with scientific rationalism?

PS:

Native peoples and many older cultures had a profound sense of

mystery. The universe was alive and a kind of enchanted place to them. We

basically bastardize that sensibility when we talk about all these poor,

ignorant people who believe the trees are alive. Somehow the mystery all

got lost in the western scientific revolution. People like Bacon talked

about wresting her power from nature’s bosom. In Schools that Learn

Fieldbook we quoted Johannes Kepler, who in 1605, said, “my aim is to show

that the celestial machine is to be likened not to a divine organism but

rather to a clockwork.” According to historian Daniel Boorstin, “Descartes

made the clock his prototypical machine.” Isaac Newton, says Arthur

Koestler, assigned to God a twofold function “as Creator of the universal

clockwork and its Supervision for maintenance and repair.” Somehow in this

scientific revolution the sense of the animism and vitality of life, the

living presence of the universe which was so fundamental to peoples for

much of human history, gradually started to be supplanted by the idea that

it was a big machine. And, if we figured it out, we could make it do what

we wanted. That’s the journey we’ve been on for 400 years, continuing

right to today’s genetic engineering. Now part of our struggle is the re-

enchantment of the universe. Einstein said shortly before his death that,

“the most beautiful experience in the universe is the experience of the

mysterious. It is the source of all science and art.” You find a few

scientists who live this enchanted universe. Unfortunately, the vast

majority are technicians cranking their formulas, still operating in a

mechanical worldview. But, there are signs of change.

This weekend there is a two-day meeting with the Dalai Lama, hosted by

MIT and organized by scientists. For ten years there has been a series of

private meetings with a growing network of Western scientists meeting with

the Dalai Lama to talk about subjects of common interest like the nature of

perception and our growing understanding of the brain. One meeting was

about dreaming and dying from the Western and the Buddhist perspectives.

This weekend is the first public meeting, and some two thousand people,

many of who are scientists, will be there. Everyone at MIT is very proud of

hosting the event, and the president, Chuck Vest, will give the welcome.

The weekend dialogue between Buddhists and scientists will discuss four

topics. One is emotion. How do Western scientists understand emotion both

psychologically and physiologically? The traditional Western view is that

emotions get in the way of rationality and we have to control them. The

whole aim in the Buddhist view is to develop positive emotions: you spend

your life trying to make anger less present not by suppression but by

developing the capacity for compassion. Seven or eight Western scientists

and Buddhist scholars will discuss each of the subjects. The Dalai Lama

will participate in on all the sessions. When meetings like this occur in

the middle of our scientific establishment, there is something afoot.

Science is kind of the religion of this particular era. We look to science

to tell us how the universe works. Unfortunately too many comply and tell

us their mechanical, reductionist worldview. This causes this, and this

causes that, and when you’re dead it’s all over. By the way, that was the

bottom line in the earlier dialogue among the scientists and the Dalai Lama

about dying. The Dalai Lama said he always wanted to ask western scientists

about how they understood death from the modern scientific worldview. The

answer: It’s like pulling the plug out. People are not too excited about

this for good reason. But the conversation is continuing.

NR:

What kind of spirituality do we need in the global era and where does

science fit in?

PS:

I do not have a simple answer for this, but something is shifting — to

me there is no doubt of this. There is an openness today that simply wasn’t

there before. People are starting to ask anew timeless questions that

people have always cared about. What does it mean to be a human being?

How do we live well? What does it mean to live well together? There is also

a growing sense of urgency that we are on a collision course and its not

going to be solved by new technology.

I don’t think it is surprising that there is a tremendous renewed

interest in so many sorts of traditional spiritual practices, whether

Western or Eastern. This is a phenomenon that has been developing over 30

or 40 years. Clearly there is a role and a place for traditional spiritual

practices, cultivation practices, and developmental practices. The

distinctive feature of this era is that it is the first time in human

history that we have had to deal with global problems and global

institutions. Why do we have a global economy today? Because we have

global businesses and all the infrastructures that interconnect them. So we

have the emergence of global institutions. You might say that the Catholic

Church and the British Empire were examples, but neither had competitors.

We have had one or two examples in the past, but now they are everywhere.

Most of these boundary-spanning institutions are business, but there are

also quasi-governmental examples — like the UN and the World Bank. But the

most numerous and undoubtedly most impactful are the global corporations

and the growing number of global NGOs, like Greenpeace and Oxfam, which,

though small by comparison, have substantial impact.

Arie De Geus, who is a good friend, says it’s like a new species has come

on to the planet in the last one hundred years; the species of large

institutions and the networks they create. They are living systems of a

higher order of complexity than the living system of a person, and they are

completely out of control. The one thought that perhaps our work adds to

the many others about a new kind of spirituality is that the real need

today is not just for personal spirituality but a spirituality that

penetrates into the mindlessness today of large global institutions.

Spirituality is now a collective phenomenon.

Science is also a global institution although it is not a single

organization. People come from China, study at MIT, go back to China and

create similar programs. So you see the spread of science as a global

institution.

I think a key feature of the developing spiritual revolution could be a

blending of some elements of Western science and some elements of

traditional spirituality. The problem with traditional spirituality is that

it becomes religion. It becomes belief systems. It becomes a body of

religious fundamentalism. We all know that there has been no greater source

of warfare in the last 2000 years than religion. Today we have the

fundamentalist Christians against the fundamentalist Muslims. What’s new!

This is the past 1000 years played over again in the last two or three

years. That is the problem of the spirituality embodied in large

institutions based on rigid beliefs.

But, what if the spirit of inquiry, skepticism, and learning that

undergirds science were connected to deep personal development? Skepticism

is the natural antidote to fundamentalism, having the one ‘true’ answer.

Skepticism says, “I hear what you say, but I have to test it against the

data of experience.” Without this value, spirituality naturally drifts

toward a religion based on rigid belief systems.

I think this is why the meeting this weekend at MIT with the Dalai Lama can

occur. Buddhism is perhaps unique among major religions in embracing

skepticism and direct experience over dogma – certainly unique when

compared to Western religions. I once remember reading an interview with

the Dalai Lama that really impressed me. The interviewer asked a brilliant

question. “If a basic tenet of Buddhism was demonstrated to be false

scientifically, would you reject it?” His answer was that it would be a

very serious matter but if there were enough contrary evidence, he would

have to reject it. It is hard to imagine a leader of a Western religion

answering in such a way.

There is a basic reason such a response would not come from a Western

religious leader, one that has implications for science and religion. This

is the doctrine of dualism. We Westerners simply do not believe that

science has anything to say to religion, or vice versa. They exist in

separate domains.

Dualism is about a division between the world of manifest or physical

phenomena and the world of the intangible or immaterial. But, modern

science shows more and more that the universe is not divided up that way.

For example, modern physics shows that what appears solid and tangible to

our senses is mostly empty space, and that what is most real are

relationships not things —and relationships are not measurable, they are

not manifest. Dualism sent Western religious and scientific institutions on

diverging paths several hundred years ago. The paths must now reconnect.

Interestingly, Buddhism has no such dualistic ontology. According to

Buddhist theory, the universe has a manifest or phenomenal dimension and an

absolute dimension or infinite dimension, and the two are inseparable. In

the Buddhist tradition, the absolute is called the Tathagata, but it only

exists as it continually unfolds or manifests in the phenomenal world,

which in turn exists only because of its connection to the absolute. That

is what you call Nondualism. Nondualism is not unique to Buddhism; it sits

at the root of many of the world’s oldest religious traditions, especially

those of the east and indigenous societies, but not the Western. The

Western traditions, like mainstream Christianity, eventually bought into

dualism, although not originally – especially in its “gnostic” roots.

The church embraced the doctrine of dualism in the 17th Century, because

it was quite evident to a number of people that they weren’t going to be

able to jail all the Galileos of the future. So Descartes proposed a deal:

scientists would confine their attention to the manifest world (res

extensa) and the Church would do likewise for the inner world (res cogens).

The Cartesian split enabled the Church to continue as the most powerful

institution of society for another two or three centuries and gave the

fledgling scientific establishment breathing room to grow. Now, however,

the consequent split between mind and matter has brought us to

unprecedented levels of dis-connectedness to the world, to one another, and

even to ourselves.

Imagine a nondualistic science, a science that strove to integrate ‘the

outer’ and ‘the inner’ dimensions of experience, that could be about

understanding the universe and ourselves, as different facets of a unity.

That would be something very different from today’s fragmented mainstream

Western science.

So, the science needed to connect with spiritual development must be a

different science. Such a science would not be the unique province of a

handful of lofty ‘scientists’ who make quasi-religious pronouncements about

the nature of the universe, as only they understand it. It would be a

science accessible to more humans because it would continually strive to

connect the outer and the inner. Such a science could potentially also lay

the foundation for more balanced economic, social and natural-system

development.

Interestingly, China began its own scientific revolution 2000 years ago,

when they achieved a level of mathematics and basic experimental science

roughly comparable to 17th or 18th century Europe. But the Emperor said it

was not the path that should be followed and stopped this line of

development. The Emperors foresaw problems, many of which the West is

living with today — empirical science would be applied to create increasing

material well-being, material affluence and attachment. In short,

materialistic science leads eventually to economic materialism.

But, failure to encourage scientific inquiry in ancient China also deprived

the society of a culture of skepticism and inquiry. Eventually, it led

people to rigid beliefs about their ancestors and superficial understanding

of their knowledge, because they lacked direct experience and deep personal

understanding.

It’s too late now to reject materialism. We’ve got the material goodies,

and we’re probably not going back, short of global catastrophe. I think

the global economy and Western scientific revolution are here to stay, and

they will shape the future spirituality. We have to recognize the

distinctiveness of our setting, and imagine a new spirituality that

addresses the realities of today, while also enabling humans to strive for

what we care most about — a way of living, with one another and with all of

nature, that expands our sense of love, connectedness, and wonder.

There is nothing that is going to connect us around the world with the

extraordinary variety of social and economic conditions in which we live,

except our commonality. And our commonality has to take us back to the

essence of what it means to be a human being. What does it mean to grow as

a human being? What does it mean to live well? What is our responsibility

to other life? As far as I can see, people everywhere come to very similar

answers to those questions, if they ask them. The problem is that most of

us in the West have stopped asking.

[kj-contributor-profile]

source:

       https://www.kosmosjournal.org/article/peter-senge-on-science-spirituality-worldviews/ 

https://whateverreadingroom.blogspot.com/2023/07/peter-senge-on-science-spirituality.html

whatever reading room: Peter Senge on Science, Spirituality & Worldviews

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Peter Senge: heart of transformation (transcript)

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https://www.globalacademy.media/transcript-peter-senge-the-heart-of-transformation/

Transcript – Peter Senge: The Heart of Transformation

In Dialogue with Walter Link

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Peter Senge

[00:00:12] I think what energizes the whole thing is that it ultimately has to be practical. And as I said before, I think that’s the kind of invisible side of spirituality. How do we transform our living? How does a family work differently? How does a relationship work differently? How does a team work differently? How do we become more and more able to accomplish what we really want to accomplish in ways that are elegant, nurturing and leave us feeling like, wow, that was really hard work but I’d be happy to do that again anytime because of the impacts on us as a human being.

 

Walter Link

[00:00:46] Welcome to GlobalLeadership.TV, my name is Walter Link. I’ve always been fascinated by the question of how we move from our many challenges into our full potential as individuals, organizations and whole societies. In this television series I inquire with some of the most innovative leaders from around the world about how they manage to move from inspiration to real change. Please join us in this exploration because we all make a difference and we all can get better at it. Therefore, on our website, we not only show other dialogues and publications but also the kind of practices that these leaders and their organizations use to move from inspiration to real change.

 

[00:01:41] Today I invite you to join my insightful dialogue with Peter Senge at MIT’s Sloan School of Management. There he teaches leaders from around the world how to integrate inner and interpersonal work, to empower the transformation of organizations and societies. The Harvard Business Review called his Fifth Discipline one of the most important management books of the 20th century. The Economist and Bloomberg BusinessWeek simply call him one of the greatest leadership gurus of our time. As you just heard, Senge points out that to become outstanding leaders we first have to become real human beings. But how do we develop such depths of humanity? Please join us as we explore with Peter Senge what is at the heart of transformation for individuals and teams, organizations and whole societies.

 

[00:02:51] You spoke in your latest book and also in prior publications about the need for revolution. Dramatic change due to our significant challenges both in the environmental and social arena. And you said also that in order to achieve that, a kind of systemic, profound innovation, we need a spiritual revolution. What do you mean when you say that, we need a spiritual revolution?

 

Peter Senge

[00:03:22] Well obviously, the word spiritual in Western cultural context is a very tricky word because it’s so intertwined with religion. So I definitely don’t mean it in the sense of any particular set of religious beliefs or attitudes. The simplest way to say it is, we need to learn what it means to become human beings. There’s an old saying in traditional Chinese culture, this comes in the Confucian tradition, to become a leader you must first become a human being. And I think that’s very much the spirit of it. So that’s obviously a big question. In our culture today we more or less think we are born human beings because we have a very materialistic, physical, physically-oriented worldview. But in many if not most cultures in most of human history, that wasn’t that confusion. Life was a journey of becoming human. So that’s exactly – when I say spiritual, that’s what I mean.

 

Walter Link

[00:04:27] So it’s a journey of maturation, it’s not just spending time on the planet, there is an actual process of development and maturing that makes you a human being?

 

Peter Senge

[00:04:38] Yes

 

Walter Link

[00:04:38] Which also explains why for millennia there have been all kinds of different methods and practices that support people to go through that process of maturation something that in Western culture is often ignored in terms of the personal and interpersonal development. You have to pick it up on the go. So you say, for example, that everybody needs a contemplative practice and there are many different ones but maybe you can say what you mean by contemplative practice and what is this contemplative practice actually doing for leaders in the world that do work?

 

Peter Senge

[00:05:19] In Western traditions you would probably call it something like contemplative practice. In Eastern you’d call it more meditative practice. But you have the same problem either way. What do you mean? How do you define meditation or contemplation? Or reflection which is a word that we often use a little more often which is just a little bit less confusing to people. But even reflection is not clear in terms of practice. When it’s all said and done this is not a philosophy or a bunch of intellectualizing. These are really either useful practices or they are not going to go anywhere. Our work is always in the context of real organizations. Businesses, schools, networks of organizations trying to work together on very complex change, aspirations. So you have to really be able to integrate it into the day-to-day in the context in which people are operating. And so you always find at least three levels, and sometimes there could even be a fourth, of practices. The first are personal. And I do think in some sense, since this is all about the journey of becoming human, there needs to be a personal grounding. What do I do? And there I think today probably moreso than any other time in human history we have an extraordinary variety of things to kind of choose from because for most of human history people grew up locally, they grew up in the context of their own history, their own cultural history and they had access to whatever was present in their culture. 

That’s obviously still true, but now, for three generations, there’s been a huge increase in interest in Buddhism and Taoism in the West. That wouldn’t have been possible 75 or 100 years ago. There is a lot of crossing of boundaries now. And I think the fun thing about that is, since every set of practices that’s historic is embedded in a historic context, it’s embedded in a set of cultural associations. And it’s often very useful to disassociate that so you can get kind of the essence of the practice. I spent a lot of time in China. And China is very interesting if you look at it historically because it has three intertwined historical disciplinary threads. Taoism is the oldest. Taoism goes back to basically the indigenous people of China. You find native peoples all around the world, they relate very directly to Taoism because it’s about the earth is alive and it’s about how I understand the physical mind, body system. The source of all Chinese medicine is in the Taoist traditions. The I Ching is the oldest artifact of Chinese culture but that probably sits 10,000 years after the basic ideas of Taoism started to come together. So it’s very ancient and it’s very physically centered. The simple definition of cultivation or practice in the Taoist tradition is to transform the energetic system so that one can achieve enlightenment. But you start with what they would call the mind heart system, this energetic system. Buddhism is very mentally centered. It’s obviously the most recent of those traditions in China. It’s only 1600 or 1700 years old when it comes from India and Southeast Asia. And the third, which in many ways in traditional Chinese culture it’s best connected them all was Confucianism. At its roots – and that saying I used before, to become a leader you must first become a human being – comes from the Confucian tradition. Confucianism is a set of ideas and practice for cultivation, developing as a human being, in a social context. So there the focus is very much on relationships. And so that kind of gives a bit of also an overview of the different types of cultivation practice. There’s all kinds of ones that are physically centered. There’s yoga, there’s tai chi, there’s the Eastern ones, there’s Western once. 

The main difference is in the West now it’s mostly today exercise. Yoga is much more than exercise. Yoga – and people will say traditionally – was actually to prepare yourself physically in order to be able to meditate. To have the body be able to be quiet, to have it be clean, clear so that the mind could really enter a different and quieter state. But there’s always these personal and physically centered. Then I believe there really are a set of interpersonal practices. In any organizational setting. You say, well, where do we start? We always start our work saying, well, what’s the team? Anything you try to do in any organization, including making this little video, usually there’s more than one person. So there’s always a team and a team – we’ve always defined a team as a group of people who need one another to get something done. Very simple, very generic definition. It’s not just formal teams. But if you look at work that way there’s always a network of kind of core relationships without which no way we’re going to be able to produce what we are producing right now.

I find that a very good entry point in most organizational contexts is focusing on teams. Because from that you can clearly get back to the individual. How is it that I’m operating that’s undermining the team? What are the challenges I’m faced with because this person over here I think is a complete idiot and we don’t think at all alike. But I can look at that as about him or I could also look at it as it’s about me. So the team context is basically families in organizations. It’s that intermediate scale of complexity where there’s a rich tableau of human relationships and a lot of personal stuff that gets brought up. So if you – assuming like the fifth discipline – I would say three quarters of the practical ideas in that whole tradition are really about how to make teams work better. And the reason for that is very, very practical. One, that’s where work gets done. Individuals do not produce work. And two, if you want to get onto some sort of a deep, transformational, cultivation developmental path, you’d better start there. Because you say we’re going to transform our organization.

CEOs don’t say, we are in this great transformation journey. I say, well, how is your team working? Oh, I haven’t thought about that. You are just dealing with abstractions. But you don’t have a way to bring it down to reality. But bringing reality at the level, there is some genuine interpersonal complexity because that’s what a team represents. And of course the next level would be that of an organization as a whole or an institution. Increasingly we do a lot of work in all kinds of networks, particularly those across organizations. A lot of our projects today are in value chains because I really believe we will be finding social and environmental issues becoming more and more part of business because people have to manage their value chains in a way that you really look at the whole of it.

If you’re in the food business, the health of that farming community is your business. You didn’t think about that traditionally because you bought food from a supplier. But that supplier bought food from somebody who bought food from somebody or bought fish from somebody. So if you’re not thinking about the whole of that system, you don’t have a system that’s going to be viable in all likelihood. And that’s true in all the food industry. I think there’s a big wake up in the food industry today. And the last level you might say would be beyond individual or obvious connections of institutions. Individual institutions. Or obvious connection. Which is really you might say more the contextual industry, societies, regional groupings where you have many different industries and types of organizations. When you look at, for example, food systems, eventually you get to the health and well-being of a farming community or a fishing community. Well, that’s a regional perspective that then pulls in all the industries, all the businesses. The schools. The families. Everything is there. Everything in our society is there in microcosm in any geographic locale. So that’s the hardest one to get your arms around – and the truth is they are all a progression. But it really helps to understand the progression.

 

Walter Link

[00:13:45] So you yourself have been involved in practice for many years and so I wonder whether you can say something about your practice and also how the gradual maturation, the understanding that occurred from that and then translated into your teaching and your consulting, your working with people?

 

Peter Senge

[00:14:06] It’s hard to know where one’s practices start because it’s like the question I get, where were you born? When did you become aware? And when did you forget and get confused again? So it goes on forever and ever. But at the personal level for me, probably just for me personally, I think sports was a very important part of my practice because I was always very much into sports. When I was in college – and then of course it was both individual and team so it got me sensitized to teams. I think when we work with teams we always ask people, first question is, when have you ever been part of a great team? Think of a theater troupe, think of a music ensemble, think of a sports team, doesn’t really matter. Because at some level they are all the same. But then also you take any of those and you can see the personal side of it. So how do I become a musician? How do I become an athlete capable of being part of an athletic team? Which doesn’t mean a lot. You could be in all kinds of stages but there’s always that personal level. When I was in college I had my first real introduction to Asian traditions. Now in fact it happened much earlier. I grew up in Los Angeles. My best friend was Japanese so I kind of grew up in part in a Japanese household. So I always had this deep interest in particularly Eastern Asian traditions. Japan, China. They were a very big part of my growing up. So probably not entirely surprising that my first real serious immersion in a cultivation tradition, it wasn’t Western. As I said, I grew up in a Christian home. There was plenty of cultivation in Christianity, you just had to look for it. It’s kind of hidden. That’s another story about the evolution of Western religions. It’s not hidden in Buddhism. So my first real experience was at a Zen retreat. Of course the term Zen is the Japanese translation of the Chinese term Chan. Chan is a very interesting tradition in China because it really – Buddhism is a very fluid sort of religion. In fact the Dalai Lama always says, Buddhism is not a religion, it’s a science. It’s the science of consciousness or an approach to the science of consciousness. But it’s very fluid. So Tibetan Buddhism is very different than Vietnamese Buddhism, is very different than Chinese Buddhism. Because Buddhism itself is a tradition of practices which tends to evolve a lot depending on the context. In China it started to integrate with Taoism very early and that is how you got Chan.

 

So Zen is an approach to Buddhism that is very minimalistic. Not a lot of theory. Tibetan Buddhism is very elaborate. In fact at the roots of Indian source – if you understand Indian culture – it’s very, very intellectual. But in Zen it becomes kind of streamlined and very direct about experience and cultivation practice, sitting practice. So I did my first meditation retreat probably when I was 20 years old. 20 or 21 in college and it was a Zen retreat. And it was just the right kind of thing for me because, again, I had this deep interest in Eastern Asian cultures. And of course I’d read a lot. But I never really had an opportunity to be immersed, even for a few days. Whenever Zen is established in any area, they establish a city monastery and a country monastery and the monks will move back and forth. Obviously the country monastery is more for real contemplations. It’s a natural environment for that. But it’s very important to do it in the city also because you are trying to transform your mind, body system wherever you are. So I was at the country monastery that was first established – first Zen country monastery in the US called Tassajara in California. So just being in that community in that physical setting for three or four days was very short but I learned that the cats were really different. Everything was really different. You could just feel, there’s something really different here. So that was where it started. And it was again, a very fitting start for me.

 

Walter Link

[00:18:17] And how did it continue and then as it continued how did it impact your work? You are at a very intellectual institution and that does not easily proclaim these kind of practices or ideas. And yet you are successful in this institution and in institutions of Western business and Western society. So there is something that got nourished in you that allowed you to succeed in these contexts.

 

Peter Senge

[00:18:52] Well it all starts with your very first question. What is spiritual? Becoming human. It’s hard to find people who don’t have some innate interest in becoming human. Again, it all depends on how you communicate. If you say, well, this is about Buddhism or even about meditation, if you use any of those kind of labels they tend to separate people who don’t feel connected to those traditions. But if a person gets separated from the question like, how do I become a better person? Well, that’s a different problem. That’s a little more unique problem. So then I think it’s very important as I was emphasizing before to keep finding ways to get it practically grounded. Yes, it’s about becoming human so that our team works better. So that what we’re doing can flow more easily. I mean most everybody has an interest in, one, being able to be more effective in accomplishing what they want. And, two, the quality of the process. If you ask anybody, do you like how much you have to work? They almost always say no. Do you feel like you work more hours a day than you worked 10 years ago? Almost everybody will say yes. What’s the effect it’s having on your health, on your psychological, emotional, physical health? On your family? On your relationships? Do you feel really comfortable about that? Not many people say yes to all those. Oh, yes, everything’s great. So you have to get it anchored in practical context. And I think that’s actually what spiritual development is always about.

 

Peter Senge

[00:20:44] If you go to the Zen monastery, they are sitting, two, three, four hours a day and then they are working in the garden, they are cooking food, they are living. They are doing all the practical things that they need to do to have a healthy community. They are dealing with conflicts. All spiritual cultivation is to be human in the places where I’m trying to be human, where I’m trying to live. So you always have to make it practical. Now MIT is an interesting institution. And I always felt that in some ways it was easier in certain ways to do this work here. Even though on the surface it might look to be a very odd setting. But if you look at MIT’s history and its culture, because all of course organizations have these you might say, cultural DNA. Who are we? Who are our mythic heroes? What are the times when we have done things that we’re really proud of? When you ask these questions of any organization and you start to reveal the underlying mythos.

 

MIT’s mythos is practicality. If you look at the iconic image of MIT in its greatness, laboratories. Not classrooms. Laboratories. People doing something in a lab. The key is they are doing something. Now I have a particular point of view about this because I had a mentor here for 10 years. And to me he was an iconic MIT figure. His name is Jay Forrester and he led the team that built the first general-purpose digital computers. He invented core memory. He is in the inventors Hall of Fame with the Wright Brothers and Marconi and Edison. I mean he is an eminent technologist. And that project went on for about six or seven years. IBM was the contractor, that’s how IBM got in the computer business. His students started Digital Equipment so he was literally at the beginnings of the computer industry. He used to joke, yeah, we worked for seven years and at the end of seven years we wrote a four-page paper. But what they did is they built 28 of the first digital computers. IBM was the contractor, they installed them around the country for a very practical purpose. He had convinced the US Department of Navy that the threats to the US in the beginnings of the Cold War were such that you needed a coordinated air defense system for North America. And the amount of data – it all sounds bizarre today – the amount of data you would have to process was way beyond what human operators could process. Therefore you needed a machine environment.

So the important point of all that is it was a very practical context. A real issue that people had legitimate reason to be concerned about. And from that he had ideas about the way technologies could help. Now that’s obviously a story about technology. But what I also learned from Jay – I probably learned more from Jay about vision than any teacher I ever had because of the way he operated personally. He used to often joke to us and say – imagine we were a bunch of graduate students sitting around with this character, I mean a unique figure in technology history – he used to always say, well, everybody’s got about the same amount of time. Why would you spend your time doing anything but the most important thing you could be spending your time on? That was just his attitude. And if you looked at his career he would take these huge challenges. Before digital computation he led the team at MIT while he was a graduate student to build the first operating radar. And if you look at the history of World War II in the Pacific it was radar that turned the tide of the Pacific. It wasn’t the atom bomb. That was the exclamation point at the end. But the Japanese Air Force was destroying the American Navy. Once they had radar they could see the planes coming. He not only developed the radar, he installed the first operating radar on MacArthur’s flagship in combat. So when you grow up with stories like that, your sense of the DNA of the institution is that, when all is said and done, what have you done for the world? What have you done that’s had a practical consequence to the world?

So I’ve always felt that our work fits very naturally within the MIT context. We’ve always been very focused on practicality. We also have this big tradition of understanding systems. That’s actually what Jay’s work became, because after he kind of left behind the technology side of digital computation what he was really interested in was understanding systems. And so we bring that part of the MIT tradition with us. But I think what energizes the whole thing is that ultimately it has to be practical. As I said before, I think that’s the kind of invisible side of spirituality. How do we transform our living? How is it that a family works differently? How does a relationship work differently? How does a team work differently? How do we become more and more able to accomplish what we really want to accomplish in ways that are elegant, nurturing and leave us feeling like, wow, that was really hard work but I’d be happy to do that again anytime. Because of the impact on us as a human being.

 

Walter Link

[00:25:39] That sounds to me like a term that I sometimes use is inspired pragmatism. You bring together the deep inspiration that is at the core of really human being, spiritual in that sense, and you bring it into real living. And what I observe when I look into all the different sectors of society, even though there are so many problems and so many challenges, you can see really that around the world every single sector is transforming. And to me it appears transforming along similar lines with similar values. And that really there is a new civilization, if you want, emerging. And it’s hard to see it because the media is very oriented on specific stories and most people –

 

Peter Senge

[00:26:33] And mostly negative stories.

 

Walter Link

[00:26:35] Negative stories. And most people look into their sector so there are few generalists left in a certain sense. Yet you are agreeing. So say something more about what you think is true about this overarching phenomena and how it is kind of evolving. Like the developmental movement that is really taking over the whole of society.

 

Peter Senge

[00:27:03] I believe the awareness of being in a time of crisis is growing. I think very few people don’t have some version of that. Then obviously it’s a question of, how do you perceive it? And then how do you see the possibilities for appropriate response? So there’s a lot of variety there. I mean look at one appropriate response to a crisis is, defend yourself. So we see that all around the world. Particularly true in this country. There’s a very defensive attitude in the United States today. We are trying to keep from losing all the things that we’ve got, particularly our material affluence. But there’s other responses as well. So I think around the world, you see this, I would say, explosion of extraordinary stories of the transformation of key systems that shape how we live. 

[00:28:20] I mentioned the food system a minute ago. We’ve been involved now for almost 8 years in what is the largest systems change effort I’ve ever been part of. It’s basically now about 60 or 70 of the largest food companies and NGOs in the world working together on how to bring – what they say, how to bring sustainable agriculture into the mainstream. Not just a few little pockets of organic farms that you buy on Saturday morning from a local farmer. But imagine that’s healthy, sustainable agriculture was the mainstream system. In terms of the quality of the food but also the impact. The social, environmental impact. Because farming or fishing all depend on the well-being of the ecosystems. Our harmony with mother nature is what gives us food, in a nutshell. And you destroy that harmony, you don’t have food sooner or later. You don’t have food you can really eat.

 

So I believe that’s the first industry that’s really starting to wake up because I think there’s enough people and enough organizations that are starting to see that if we keep heading in the direction we’re going, we are really going off a cliff. We have lost half of topsoil in the world in the industrial age and the global food system is I think the largest generator of poverty in the world. In order for you and I to have cheap melons in the middle of winter in a northern climate where it’s basically pretty cold, you have to hook up everybody’s agricultural markets into huge commodity markets and in big commodity markets you drive prices down relentlessly and production up so you can reach more and more markets at a cheaper price. Unfortunately those falling prices are falling incomes for farmers. 50 million to 70 million a year migrate into slums and shantytowns because they no longer have a viable rural economy. And all that is being exacerbated by climate change, changes in weather patterns, all that. But there is a set of dynamics there that even go beyond climate state change. There’s a globalization of food. So tomorrow we have MIT’s 150th anniversary celebration. They asked me to organize the closing session and they wanted a bunch of CEOs. I said, oh, don’t waste your time, they’ll be so boring. We’ve heard way too many CEO talks in our lifetimes. All of us. And I said, let me think about it a little. 

So tomorrow we’re going to close MIT’s 150th anniversary by two people will join me for a conversation. Barbara Stocking who’s the CEO of Oxfam and Paul Pohlmann who is the CEO of Unilever. Those two organizations have been working together now for almost 15 years. They helped us organize the sustainable food lab. Oxfam reached out to the NGO world, Unilever reached out to the food industry and they both said the same thing: These problems were bad and they are getting much worse. None of us can solve this problem by ourselves. We all are going to have to work together. The NGOs have knowledge about the environment and social conditions and cultural realities that we in business don’t have. On the other hand, the NGOs can say, the businesses know something about commerce and innovation because we’re not going to solve these problems except through profound innovation at many, many levels. So today Oxfam and Unilever have a board-to-board strategic partnership to collaborate, to bring a half-million smallholders into Unilever’s global food chains. That’s a huge stretch. All around the world you see stories like that. So that’s the food industry. Very few people in the West, certainly not in America – like nobody in America – knows that actually the Chinese party, the Communist Party, has now committed to a massive pace of decarbonizing the Chinese economy. So there’s these stories all around. We work a lot in schools. I actually believe the industrial age school is finally dying and something new is being born. But in all these cases you have the same phenomenon. You have an example here, an example here, an example here. For every one Unilever, believe me, there’s 20 competitors who kind of all say the right words but they don’t have the depth of commitment. They don’t see it in a truly strategic matter.

If we don’t embrace this set of questions we don’t have a future. And if we do, we could lead in innovating and create a future that we’d really like to live in. And don’t get me wrong, whenever you get close to anyone of those examples – of course there are always shortcomings. These are living systems, they are not perfect. Unilever is not a paragon. It just happens to be a company that really sees this global food system as a strategic matter for innovation. So I think there are so many examples, almost none of which are visible to most people. So first it’s a course to make them visible. The second is to really commit ourselves to interconnecting them and helping them see each other and find each other. Who knows how close we are to a critical mass? You can only tell that in hindsight. 50 years from now people will look back and say, oh, that happened in 2005 and that happened in 2008 and 2011 and 2015 these things happened. And before you knew it, you had a worldwide revolution occurring in education. Or in how businesses manage value chains. So all I know is there’s so many inspiring stories around. And of course they’re all grounded, they are all in very practical contexts. So your phrase, inspired pragmatism, would characterize any of these people.

 

Walter Link

[00:34:13] I know that you are working exactly on trying to find how do we bring it to scale and I think that’s a conundrum that many people are working with because partly also because this becoming human, this human maturation, traditionally was a process that took time. And it seems like there’s such a sense of urgency and how can we spend time on the practices that it takes to cultivate human maturation when there are such pressing issues? So how do we address this apparent contradiction?

 

Peter Senge

[00:34:48] Well, you really have two questions there. The first one is actually very easy. That doesn’t mean it’s simple or very easy to do, but it’s not complicated. How do I get the time? If it’s important, you make the time. You brush your teeth in the morning, probably, all of us do that. You could meditate for 15 or 30 minutes. Believe me, you have the time. It’s nothing to do with time. There’s only so much time, we know that. It always comes down to priorities and discipline. If you are serious and it’s really important, you do it. I meditated on and off ever since I went to that first retreat when I was in college. I felt like it. An hour here, half hour there maybe three or four times a week. It was good, it was very helpful for me. And then I happened to meet a person who became a teacher for me in China. And he said, well, it’s time for you to get serious. You should meditate every day. And, as I say, you brush your teeth in the morning, I guarantee you can – I do an hour every morning and a half hour every evening. And I’m as busy as probably most anybody. You have the time. So that’s a different issue. That’s an issue. But that’s only on the surface, about time. That really is about choice. As I say, it’s not necessarily easy but it’s a simple issue. It’s not complicated. Do we have the time? And given the urgency of the ecological and social stresses in the world. Are the things that are happening happening fast enough at a scale large enough that you could say, we have a reasonable chance of averting disaster?

 

Well, the truth is, we’ve got disaster right now. It’s important to recognize that. We have a billion people who don’t have clean drinking water. That’s a disaster. The World Health Organization says it could be as many as 3 billion by 2020. We have fisheries in collapse all around the world, as I said we’ve lost half the topsoil in the world. Farming communities are in distress around the world. I mean we are in a disaster right now. So you want to see what disaster looks like, we should open our eyes. No one can answer that question, do we have enough time? Nobody has crystal ball. So I think that is a totally different kind of question. It does not have an answer at all. You have to ultimately kind of hold the question, live with that question. I think when you do you start to realize some important dilemmas. You pointed to one right at the beginning. Let’s just take the team example. To build our capacities as a team, we will need to take some time to reflect on how we work. I mean the first way I ever saw this done on a team who got really serious about building their capacities to reflect together, they ended their official weekly team meeting and then they took an hour afterwards. And in that hour afterwards they just spent time talking about what had happened, how they felt. All the things that you don’t normally do because you’re busy trying to solve problems. You are very task oriented. But they said, no, this really matters. So, yes, you have to create some time. There are natural rhythms in this. The other point you were making at the beginning. 

In Buddhism, Taoism, any of the spiritual cultivation traditions, there is understandings that these things do really take some time. It depends on who you are. Of course the Asians will say, it depends on your karma. If you start with this karma, it may take a long time. So regardless of whether or not you have adopted that point of view, everybody knows that it takes time. And there are natural rhythms. So you have on the one hand this huge urgency. And then you have the developmental dynamics that always take investment and time. At an individual level, collective levels. Teams, organizations, networks. In the food lab, for example, when they have a meeting – that network I was talking about before – so you’ve got all these NGOs and businesses, they come together once a year for a two- or three-day meeting. Now they’re doing projects all the time. So they are sharing their projects. 2/3 to 3/4 of the people will come at least one to two days early for the meeting so they can go on learning journeys. And what that means is they will go visit farmers wherever they are having the meeting. So see the reality of the agricultural sector wherever they having the meeting. And then they will spend time talking about it. And that seeing something concrete sparks a lot of things. So the learning journeys are not really about going someplace. The learning journeys are about seeing something that normally I wouldn’t see but seeing it directly. And then what does that bring up in me? How does that evoke a different awareness? And of course you have an NGO civil rights activist or an environmental activist and a commercial person, they are going to see a different world. So that conversation that ensues afterwards – because they see totally different things – is actually why you do it in the first place. Because you are trying to help everybody become more and more attuned to the reality of each other. That’s a cultivation practice, that’s the basic cultivation practice of teams. But you have to have the time to do it. These people feel a lot of urgency. And believe me most of them participating, they can see the urgency of transforming the global food system. But they also have come to a conviction that there is no way to do it. You cannot transform a system without transforming the relationships and the consciousness of the people in the system. So it’s a strategy. So you basically have to find things you feel are solid and useful to help in your practical work. And then you do have to create the time for them. And who knows how long it’ll take? But you basically have one of two options. Keep doing stuff that’s not working at all or try something new.

 

Walter Link

[00:41:00] So you are pointing actually to an important practice that I think is often not paid much attention to which is to have conversations. We do that all time and in fact we are of course also in the university and science, all throughout society we are engaged in some kind of inquiry that is personal and then an inquiry that is shared. And a lot of the Eastern traditions of course were more focused on contemplation and meditation while ancient Western traditions, especially of course Socrates and then Plato and so forth, were using an integration of meditation and inquiry. Individual and collective. And so I wonder what you think about that? Of learning really how to converse and how to inquire in a way that has the same kind of methodological clarity and depth that you would bring to meditation.

 

Peter Senge

[00:42:12] That’s a great way to frame it because I think you’re right. The same sort of methodological rigor, depth you might say theory and method that you would find in an individual cultivation traditions. So I agree with you completely. I mean, first off, another way to say what I was saying before about teams are so important, how people work together who are trying to get something done, is that how they are with one another, how they relate to another, how they talk with one another. So we have found for years, again, it’s very important to always keep coming down to tangible, concrete things. How did that conversation go? How do you feel about it? What didn’t get said? For example, I told you the team that first got serious they said, we will have our regular weekly meeting and then we’ll take one hour afterwards. Well over time that one hour got longer and the meeting got shorter because in the hour afterwards the first thing they would say is, what didn’t get said? Well, I was thinking this – I didn’t say any of that because I didn’t want to piss off old Joe over here. So kind of that collective reflection. And then of course it becomes very real. It’s not abstract, it’s not theoretical. We all know that conversation is important and it’s very complicated. Because there’s so much going on in us and we’re always dealing with the dilemmas. Do I say that? Do I not say that? Would it hurt the person’s feelings? Would it insult them? Sure, the Asians are extreme in that way because the Asian cultures, Eastern ones particularly, tend to be very oriented toward face-saving. But it’s no different in the West.

 

We all are concerned at some fundamental level about what we should and shouldn’t say. But as a result of that, we often don’t say a lot of things that would actually be crucial to move into. And typically we say, well, I didn’t want to hurt the person’s feelings, we didn’t have enough time. If I would’ve brought that up, we would’ve been there for the next three hours. But we had an agenda. So we have to create a space. We used to often call it a reflective space. But your goal is very simple. To transform listening into transform conversing. Because I do believe at the social level it all starts with the quality of our listening and the quality of our conversation or communication. And it’s very transcendent. It’s in all settings. Think of any place where that’s not important. And conversely, when you start to realize that and then you go into settings where people are really struggling and where there is real dysfunction. Go to Washington DC and I’ll guarantee you one of the things that will just break your heart is the degenerated quality of the conversation. No one would talk to their kids the way they talk to each other in the Senate. No one would do that. So somehow a set of norms develop where kind of the most fundamental things we know as human beings kind of get left aside and we develop a whole new set of norms of beat the other person. Make the other person look bad. Win, don’t lose. All that kind of stuff becomes the norm. And the essence of human relating disappears. So until you can reestablish, again, that pragmatic connection, we will not be effective collectively until we can be effective relationally.

 

Walter Link

[00:45:26] So if we consider that and see how important it is for society as a whole, how would we re-envision our educational system where a lot of this is set up? What would we change so that education would really help us to become human, to develop both the aspect of inspiration and also the pragmatism to get things done in this inspired way?

 

Peter Senge

[00:45:57] Well, there’s an old saying in traditional Chinese culture that the mark of every golden age is that children are the most important members of society and teaching the most revered profession. We all know that the education system is the window into the future in a very fundamental sense. It’s the only institution in society that has a 60 or 70 or 80 year time horizon. Inherently in its work. The impacts you have on those young people will have an impact in your culture over many, many decades. That’s not true of any other institution. So it’s kind of obvious how important it is. So for that reason a lot of us have put a good deal of our focus on education. I think there’s plenty of evidence – we have a big meeting coming up in July where people are going to come from all over the world to just hang out amongst extraordinary innovators in education. It really can be done in regular schools. Public schools funded by the government, nothing unusual, a lot of the concentration in the last 10 years has been in poorer schools because it’s one thing to say, well, you’ve got a bunch of upper-middle-class kids. But then you’ve got these kids in the city. You know, the plight of kids growing up in our cities is pretty severe today in America. So you have to work in those places. You have to work where the toughest – but in some ways the toughest settings aren’t that tough. 

People know things have to change. So I believe that if you kind of looked at key institutions and you say well ultimately this is about individuals, it’s about teams but it’s also about institutions and organizations and communities. That whole continuum. If you looked at key institutions and you kind of rank ordered them in terms of importance, the two that would jump out at you would be business because it’s so powerful and education because it’s so important. So those are the two places we’ve always concentrated our work on. And the good news is, they really are full of kids. So what does it take to transform a school? Well, a couple of basic things. We all know them. First is respect. You really must respect the child. You must respect that the child has their own way of understanding, their own way of learning. The industrial model of schools, which became the model for the world starting almost 200 years ago in northern England, Northeast United States and you know you go into a high school in Beijing and it’s no different than a high school in the West. They’re all the same. Same curriculum even. Same grade 1, grade 2, grade 3, grade 4. All industrial model. And all about standardization. The industrial model. It’s about an assembly line. And yet you have the fact that every single human being is unique and if you want to transform the education process you must start first with profound respect. You watch little kids in any group of adults. They’ll go to some adults and not others. Very quickly. They’ll go to the adults who listen to them. They immediately can tell if an adult really gives them respect. And they might not even have the word or the concept but they know energetically the difference in a conversational adult that’s like this and a conversational adult that’s like this. 

So the first foundation of any learning process that involves multiple people is respect. The second is what I already said, that individual nature that kind of goes with respect. The nature of everybody’s consciousness and sense making and learning process, it’s very different. You know there are some kids – some people who’ve got to touch things, they are very concrete learners. If I’m not touching it, if I’m not doing it, I can’t learn it. There are other people that actually can take in a lot of information. They are more kind of quiet in their style. So people are all very different. Some people have to learn interpersonally. Other people, it’s enormously distracting to have to have too many conversations because I can’t concentrate. So that’s the variety. Secondly, it all comes back to what we all know about learning. We know a lot about learning. If only only applied it. Where did you learn to ride a bicycle? Well, you learned to ride a bicycle in the places you wanted to ride a bicycle. Now you might have started on a grassy field so when you fell down you didn’t hurt yourself too much. But you didn’t want to ride on a grassy field, you wanted to ride with your friends down the street or to the playground. So all learning is contextual.

You learn and develop the capability in a context where you are trying to accomplish something. And thirdly, we all know how you learn. You learn through doing. That’s the only way anybody ever learned anything. Trial and error. You do it and it doesn’t work. Which means by implication that to learn anything, you have to be very comfortable with failure. Because you fall off the bicycle a lot more often than you ride the bicycle when you’re learning. And we all know this. So the thing is, it’s not complicated but to actually imagine a school that’s based on profound respect where the learning is really about the child’s life and learning things that really matter in their life circumstance and it fundamentally respects the importance of action and reflection as the foundations for any learning process. And the fourth is that it’s always both individual and social. So your relationships with one another are really, really important. 

[00:51:23] I have the pleasure to be a part of the first school in China since the Cultural Revolution that’s been sanctioned by the party based on traditional Chinese concepts and practices of education. It’s really interesting. How did the Chinese people educate a five-year-old 2000 years ago? And you see some things very interesting right away. First off, the kids are outside playing all the time. They are climbing trees, they’re doing what a five, six, seven-year-old would do. They are outdoors much more than they are indoors. Secondly, they study the mind-body system. They study traditional Chinese medicine. Thirdly, they all do tai chi. So every day they do at least a half-hour of tai chi. So mind-body system. And fourthly, and the one that’s the most subtle, because you have to understand Chinese culture to understand this, they do what they call recitation. They literally recite Confucius. They recite Mencius. Western educators looked at that and said, oh, that’s just rote memorization.

 

But if you listen and if you know anything about the tonal structure of the Chinese language, in a minute you’ll know, oh, these children spend two hours every day chanting. It’s not about the content, it’s about participating in a collective vibratory field. Because they understood that was the foundation, along with your relationship to the earth, to social well-being. So if you spend two hours everyday chanting – imagine that, age of five, age of six, your sense of connection with one another beyond the intellect. It’s an emotional and physical phenomena. Because chanting is a vibratory field. Oh, and by the way, when you talk to someone who’s learned that education – there aren’t many in China, they are over 60 or 70 years old now because it’s been wiped out by the party, this is the first school that’s allowed it back in in the mainstream – they will say, did you understand Confucius when you were six years old? Oh, no. I understood it when I was 42. And so you are implanting these seeds because you all know it, you know the words, you know the rhythm of it just sitting there until a moment in your life context where it’s needed. So there’s a very different approach to education. And I think if you look at the really good schools, they are all doing these sort of things. They are very attuned to the social reality. How we create a sense of harmony and a sense of efficacy. They are very attuned to the well-being of the kids, they are very attuned to the uniqueness of the kids. And of course it’s ultimately always about our connection with each other and with mother Earth.

 

Walter Link

[00:54:15] Everybody wants to be innovative, everybody wants to be creative and everybody talks about change. So if we look more deeply into these terms, what’s really at the core of creativity and innovation? What have you learned over your many years of innovating yourself and being with many innovative people and supporting innovative processes, what’s that living being, that living human being living in those conceptual terms –

 

Peter Senge

[00:54:49] I forgot one thing about the school. The other thing that the kids spend at least an hour every day doing is calligraphy. So they are immersed from a very early age in the creative process. And to watch a group of six-year-olds very kind of quietly doing their calligraphy. So what’s going on there? Well, in calligraphy every stroke is unique. You learn to pay attention to the uniqueness of things. This is a blind spot of efforts to innovate because it’s always about what can we create here. So innovation has a lot to do with awareness. Your ability to pay attention. And then of course there is the suspension of the normal way our judgmental mind. Well, my stroke isn’t going right right now. So there’s a little part of ourselves – it’s not a flaw, just human – to be very critical. But critical not in a good sense but critical in a way that actually interrupts our flow. Think of anything you’re doing where there’s a flow, where you are running or particularly something that’s a little challenging. Skiing or playing something difficult on a musical instrument. If you stop and think in the middle of it – and particularly if you stop and judge yourself – you’re dead. The whole flow is interrupted. So to learn how to really pay attention and to learn how to pay attention to a flow of something that’s unfolding, that is the creative process. The creative process are participation consciously in the unfolding of the universe.

https://www.globalacademy.media/transcript-peter-senge-the-heart-of-transformation/

whatever reading room: Peter Senge: heart of transformation (transcript)

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skeptical about publicly listing valuable contacts

 skeptical about publicly listing valuable contacts

bay area news group >> Friday, October 15, 2021

business + technology

mercurynews.com

eastbaytimes.com

001 section C

CHINA

linkedln to shut down service in China

by Karen Weise and Paul Mozur

the  new york times

seattle >>

Seven years on, 

Its business in China struggled as it ran up against major local competitors and a population skeptical about publicly listing valuable contacts.

take away statement: publicly listing valuable contacts

Bose, Heart Study, China-Taiwan study, Change or die, lifestyle

 
Bose, Heart Study, China-Taiwan study, Change or die, lifestyle

Amar Bose, MIT professor & co-founder of Bose Laboratory:

  Research by definition if it's research, you don't know whether it works or not; if you know the idea [is] going to work, its engineering, develope it;  research is at the heart of what bring out better products;  fear, fear of the unknown; without probing the unknown, there is no possibility for progress;  the unknown could be better (benefit); could be worse (down side);  if we know it could be better, there would be no fear.

  To make some thing better => it must be different
  to be different => courage (require) (to be different)
  courage => fear (acknowledge the fears and, the other side of fear)  
  ([ imagine - what if you have no fear and you have no limit - infinite ])
  ([ what would you do with your life ])  
  ([ or what would you do with the time that you have left on Earth ])
  ([ okay, now work backward, and start placing limiting parameters on The Plan ])
  ([ one-by-one ])

Amar Bose of Bose Lab: Bose speakers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation
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Bose to close all North American, European retail stores - Boston Business Journal


By Catherine Carlock  –  Real Estate Editor, Boston Business Journal
Jan 15, 2020 Updated Jan 15, 2020, 3:31pm EST

Bose Corp. will close all of its 119 retail stores in North America, Europe, Japan and Australia “over the next several months” as the Framingham-based consumer electronics company handles “the dramatic shift to online shopping in specific markets,” the company announced Wednesday.

  Bose corporation - Jan 15, 2020, 3:31pm EST
  Catherine Carlock  –  Real Estate Editor, Boston Business Journal
  retail operation (closed)
    North America
    Europe
    Japan
    Australia

Bose has retail locations at the Burlington Mall and Colonie Center in Albany, New York, as well as factory stores in Wrentham, Merrimack, New Hampshire and Central Valley, New York.

The company will keep open its retail locations in India, Southeast Asia, South Korea, Greater China and the United Arab Emirates.

  Bose corporation - Jan 15, 2020, 3:31pm EST
  Catherine Carlock  –  Real Estate Editor, Boston Business Journal
  retail locations (keep open)
    India
    Southeast Asia
    South Korea
    Greater China
    United Arab Emirates

The company declined to specify how many employees will be affected in the closures, but did say that the employees would be offered outplacement assistance and severance.

Bose opened its first store in 1993 as a way to give consumers a way to test CD and DVD-based home entertainment systems, said Colette Burke, vice president of global sales for Bose, in a statement.

“At the time, it was a radical idea, but we focused on what our customers needed, and where they needed it – and we’re doing the same thing now. It’s still difficult, because the decision impacts some of our amazing store teams who make us proud every day,” Burke’s statement continued. “They take care of every person who walks through our doors – whether that’s helping with a problem, giving expert advice, or just letting someone take a break and listen to great music. Over the years, they’ve set the standard for customer service. And everyone at Bose is grateful.”


Bose has its headquarters in Framingham.


source:
►       https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2020/01/15/bose-to-close-all-north-american-european-retail.html

►  https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2020/01/15/bose-to-close-all-north-american-european-retail.html
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The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular cohort study of residents of the city of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is now on its third generation of participants.[1] Prior to the study almost nothing was known about the epidemiology of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.[2] Much of the now-common knowledge concerning heart disease, such as the effects of diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin, is based on this longitudinal study. It is a project of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in collaboration with (since 1971) Boston University.[1] Various health professionals from the hospitals and universities of Greater Boston staff the project.




source:
►       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_Heart_Study
►       https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/science/framingham-heart-study-fhs
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 Framingham Study

framingham-research-team

Framingham Study is a population-based, observational cohort study that was initiated by the United States Public Health Service in 1948 to prospectively investigate the epidemiology and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It has grown into an ongoing, longitudinal study gathering prospective data on a wide variety of biological and lifestyle risk factors and on cardiovascular, neurological and other types of disease outcomes across 3 generations of participants. While initially focused on the clinical assessment of risk factors and disease, the study has evolved, incorporating advances in medical science (newer diagnostic criteria, biomarker assays and imaging technologies) as these became available. Extensive genotyping data is available on over 60% of all participants (including over 90% of persons attending examinations after 1990) and samples of sera and plasma from successive exams have been stored for future studies.

The Study began in 1948-50 with the recruitment of the Original cohort (5209 participants; 2,873 women, 2,336 men; age 28-62 years, mean age 45 years) comprising two-thirds of the adult population then residing in the town of Framingham, MA. These persons have been evaluated biennially and are currently undergoing the 29th biennial examination. In 1971, children of the Original cohort members and their spouses were assembled into the Offspring cohort (5124 persons, 2,641 women, 2,483 men; age 5-70 years, mean age 37 years; 3514 biological offspring). Members of this cohort have been reassessed 7 times. Starting In 002, a third generation has been recruited and this Gen 3 cohort comprises 4095 individuals (2183 women, 1912 men; mean age 40 years) who have undergone an initial examination. At each study examination participants are evaluated with medical histories, physician examinations, laboratory tests for vascular risk factors, and at some examinations with cognitive test batteries and brain imaging.


Major findings

Major findings from the Framingham Heart Study, according to the researchers themselves:[16]

1960s
    Cigarette smoking increases risk of heart disease. Increased cholesterol and elevated blood pressure increase risk of heart disease. Exercise decreases risk of heart disease, and obesity increases it.

1970s
    Elevated blood pressure increases risk of stroke. In women who are postmenopausal, risk of heart disease is increased, compared with women who are premenopausal. Psychosocial factors affect risk of heart disease.

1980s
    High levels of HDL cholesterol reduce risk of heart disease. No empirical evidence found to confirm the rumor that filtered cigarettes lower risk of heart disease as opposed to non-filters.

1990s
    Having an enlarged left ventricle of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) increases risk of stroke. Elevated blood pressure can progress to heart failure. Framingham Risk Score is published, and correctly predicts 10-year risk of future coronary heart disease (CHD) events. At 40 years of age, the lifetime risk for CHD is 50% for men and 33% for women.

2000s
    So called "high normal blood pressure" increases risk of cardiovascular disease (high normal blood pressure is called prehypertension in medicine; it is defined as a systolic pressure of 120–139 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure of 80–89 mm Hg). Lifetime risk of developing elevated blood pressure is 90%. Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure. Serum aldosterone levels predict risk of elevated blood pressure. Lifetime risk for obesity is approximately 50%. The "SHARe" project is announced, a genome wide association study within the Framingham Heart Study. Social contacts of individuals are relevant to whether a person is obese, and whether cigarette smokers decide to quit smoking. By providing contact information, the Framingham Heart Study establishes a network of personal relationships, connecting participants through their relationships—friends, colleagues, relatives and neighbors.[17] Four risk factors for a precursor of heart failure are discovered. 30-year risk for serious cardiac events can be calculated. American Heart Association considers certain genomic findings of the Framingham Heart Study one of the top research achievements in cardiology. Some genes increase risk of atrial fibrillation. Risk of poor memory is increased in middle aged men and women if the parents had suffered from dementia.


Similar studies

The China-Cornell-Oxford Project, also known as the "China-Oxford-Cornell Study on dietary, lifestyle and disease mortality characteristics in 65 rural Chinese counties". This study was later referred to as "China Study I". The successor study is named "China Study II".[32]



source:
►       https://www.bmc.org/stroke-and-cerebrovascular-center/research/framingham-study
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news.cornell.edu

Asians' switch to Western diet might bring Western-type diseases, new China-Taiwan study suggests | Cornell Chronicle

By Roger Segelken |


ITHACA, N.Y. -- The long-term health benefits to Chinese and other Asian people who have traditionally existed on a primarily plant-based diet might be lost as more people in Asia switch to a Western-style diet that is rich in animal-based foods.

That conclusion is being drawn by some scientists after reviewing results from the latest survey of diets, lifestyles and disease mortality among Chinese populations -- this one comparing current dietary habits in Taiwan and mainland China -- and measuring them against a time when fewer meat and dairy products were available in rural China.

Preliminary results of "China Study II," the follow-up to the China-Oxford-Cornell Study on Dietary, Lifestyle and Disease Mortality Characteristics in 65 Rural Chinese Counties, or "China Study I," were discussed on June 16 at the Congress of Epidemiology 2001 in Toronto by T. Colin Campbell of Cornell, Sir Richard Peto of the University of Oxford, Dr. Junshi Chen of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and Dr. Wen-Harn Pan of Academia Sinica in Taiwan.

The Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry, Campbell also discussed China Study II today (June 25) at a press briefing on the Cornell campus.

"With the new data from mainland China, along with the fascinating new data from Taiwan now in hand, we will have the opportunity to explore dietary and disease mortality trends," Campbell says. "We will see how fast dietary changes in rural China -- preceded by earlier changes in Taiwan -- result in the development of Western diseases."

Some analyses of data from China Study I, which was conducted among thousands of rural families in mainland China, linked that population's low incidence of such Western health problems as cardiovascular disease, some cancers, obesity and diabetes to plant-based diets that were low in animal products. China Study I is now regarded as the most comprehensive study of diet, lifestyle and disease ever completed. Data from the study was first published in an 896-page monograph (1990) and resulted in more than 50 scientific publications.

Planned since 1987, China Study II was designed to re-survey the same mainland Chinese population as China Study I, in addition to a few new sites in mainland China and a new population of 16 counties in Taiwan. China Study II was directed by the three collaborators in the first study and by Dr. Win-harn Pan. When it started in 1987-88, it was the first collaborative research study between mainland China and Taiwan. Data from China Study II are now freely available at an Oxford
University web site: http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/projects/cecology1989/ .


Both surveys afford an opportunity to investigate the effect of dietary change from the typical plant-based diet of rural China to a Western-style diet that includes more animal-based foods, as consumed in urban China and in Taiwan. "Even small increases in the consumption of animal-based foods was associated with increased disease risk," Campbell told a symposium at the epidemiology congress, pointing to several statistically significant correlations from the China studies:

  • Plasma cholesterol in the 90-170 milligrams per deciliter range is positively associated with most cancer mortality rates. Plasma cholesterol is positively associated with animal protein intake and inversely associated with plant protein intake.

  • Breast cancer is associated with dietary fat (which is associated with animal protein intake) and inversely with age at menarche (women who reach puberty at younger ages have a greater risk of breast cancer).

  • For those at risk for liver cancer (for example, because of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus) increasing intakes of animal-based foods and/or increasing concentrations of plasma cholesterol are associated with a higher disease risk.

  • Cardiovascular diseases are associated with lower intakes of green vegetables and higher concentrations of apo-B (a form of so-called bad blood cholesterol) which is associated with increasing intakes of animal protein and decreasing intakes of plant protein.

  • Colorectal cancers are consistently inversely associated with intakes of 14 different dietary fiber fractions (although only one is statistically significant). Stomach cancer is inversely associated with green vegetable intake and plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamin C obtained only from plant-based foods.

  • Western-type diseases, in the aggregate, are highly significantly correlated with increasing concentrations of plasma cholesterol, which are associated in turn with increasing intakes of animal-based foods.


Analyses of data from the China studies by his collaborators and others, Campbell told the epidemiology symposium, is leading to policy recommendations. He mentioned three:

  • The greater the variety of plant-based foods in the diet, the greater the benefit. Variety insures broader coverage of known and unknown nutrient needs.

  • Provided there is plant food variety, quality and quantity, a healthful and nutritionally complete diet can be attained without animal-based food.

  • The closer the food is to its native state -- with minimal heating, salting and processing -- the greater will be the benefit.



source:
►       https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2001/06/china-study-ii-western-diet-might-bring-western-disease
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https://www.fastcompany.com/75905/three-keys-change

01.02.07
The Three Keys to Change

In this excerpt from the introduction to his new book, Change or Die: The Three Keys to Change at Work and in Life, Alan Deutschman discusses the framework to successfully change yourself.

BY ALAN DEUTSCHMAN
LONG READ
Change or die.

What if you were given that choice? For real. What if it weren’t just the hyperbolic rhetoric that conflates corporate performance with life or death? Not the overblown exhortations of a rabid boss, or a maniacal coach, or a slick motivational speaker, or a self-dramatizing chief executive officer or political leader. We’re talking actual life and death now. Your own life and death. What if a well-informed, trusted authority figure said you had to make difficult and enduring changes in the way you think, feel, and act? If you didn’t, your time would end soon–a lot sooner than it had to. Could you change when change really mattered? When it mattered most?

Yes, you say?
Try again.
Yes?
You’re probably deluding yourself.
That’s what the experts say.
They say that you wouldn’t change.

Don’t believe it? You want odds? Here are the odds that the experts are laying down, their scientifically studied odds: nine to one. That’s nine to one against you. How do you like those odds?

This revelation unnerved me when I heard it in November 2004 at a private conference at Rockefeller University, an elite medical research center in New York City. The event was hosted by the top executives at IBM, who invited the most brilliant thinkers they knew from around the world to come together for a day and propose solutions to some of the world’s biggest problems. Their first topic was the crisis in health care, an industry that consumes an astonishing $2.1 trillion a year in the United States alone–more than one seventh of the entire economy. Despite all that spending, we’re not feeling healthier, and we aren’t making enough progress toward preventing the illnesses that kill us, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

   ... ... ...

Speaking to the small group of insiders, they were unsparingly candid. They said that the cause of the health care crisis hadn’t changed for decades, and the medical establishment still couldn’t figure out what to do about it.

Dr. Raphael “Ray” Levey, founder of the Global Medical Forum, an annual summit meeting of leaders from every part of the health care system, told the audience: “A relatively small percentage of the population consumes the vast majority of the health care budget for diseases that are very well known and by and large behavioral.” That is, they’re sick because of how they choose to lead their lives, not because of factors beyond their control, such as the genes they were born with. Levey continued: “Even as far back as when I was in medical school”–he enrolled at Harvard in 1955–“many articles demonstrated that eighty percent of the health care budget was consumed by five behavioral issues.” He didn’t bother to name them, but you don’t need an MD to guess what he was talking about: Too much smoking, drinking, and eating. Too much stress. Not enough exercise.

   ... ... ...

CHANGE OR DIE. Copyright © 2007 by Alan Deutschman.

source:
►       https://www.fastcompany.com/75905/three-keys-change
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Ornish is known for his lifestyle-driven approach to the control of coronary artery disease (CAD) and other chronic diseases. He promotes lifestyle changes including a quasi whole foods, plant-based diet,[6] smoking cessation, moderate exercise, stress management techniques including yoga and meditation, and psychosocial support.[4][1] Ornish does not follow a strict vegetarian diet and recommends fish oil supplements; the program additionally allows for the occasional consumption of other animal products.[7]

From the 1970s through the 1990s, Ornish and others researched the impact of diet and stress levels on people with heart disease. The research, published in peer-reviewed journals, became the basis of his "Program for Reversing Heart Disease." It combined diet, meditation, exercise and support groups, and in 1993 became the first non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical therapy for heart disease to qualify for insurance reimbursement.[8] With the exception of chiropractic care, it was the first alternative medical technique, not taught in traditional medical-school curricula, to gain approval by a major insurance carrier.[3][9]

Ornish worked with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for 16 years to create a new coverage category called intensive cardiac rehabilitation (ICR), which focuses on comprehensive lifestyle changes. In 2010, Medicare began to reimburse costs for Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease, a 72-hour ICR for people who have had heart attacks, chest pain, heart valve repair, coronary artery bypass, heart or lung bypass, or coronary angioplasty or stenting. In addition to the Ornish program, Medicare and Medicaid pay for ICR programs created by the Pritikin Longevity Center and by the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital.[1][10]

Ornish has been a physician consultant to former President Bill Clinton since 1993, when Ornish was first asked by Hillary Clinton to consult with the chefs at The White House, Camp David, and Air Force One. In 2010, after the former President's cardiac bypass grafts became clogged, Clinton, encouraged by Ornish, followed a mostly plant-based diet.[11]



source:
►       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ornish
►       https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=240&ver=7&NcaName=Intensive+Cardiac+Rehabilitation+(ICR)+Program+-+Dr.+Ornish%2527s+Program+for+Reversing+Heart+Disease&bc=ACAAAAAAIAAA&siteTool=Medic
►       https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/opinion/the-myth-of-high-protein-diets.html
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Opinion | The Myth of High-Protein Diets (Published 2015)
By Dean Ornish
    March 23, 2015

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/opinion/the-myth-of-high-protein-diets.html

Op-Ed Contributor

MANY people have been making the case that Americans have grown fat because they eat too much starch and sugar, and not enough meat, fat and eggs. Recently, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee lifted recommendations that consumption of dietary cholesterol should be restricted, citing research that dietary cholesterol does not have a major effect on blood cholesterol levels. The predictable headlines followed: “Back to Eggs and Bacon?”

But, alas, bacon and egg yolks are not health foods.

Although people have been told for decades to eat less meat and fat, Americans actually consumed 67 percent more added fat, 39 percent more sugar, and 41 percent more meat in 2000 than they had in 1950 and 24.5 percent more calories than they had in 1970, according to the Agriculture Department. Not surprisingly, we are fatter and unhealthier.

The debate is not as simple as low-fat versus low-carb. Research shows that animal protein may significantly increase the risk of premature mortality from all causes, among them cardiovascular disease, cancer and Type 2 diabetes. Heavy consumption of saturated fat and trans fats may double the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.


 premature mortality from all causes
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pan+A%2C+red+meat+consumption+and+mortality

 cardiovascular disease
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=J.+Intern.+Med.+261%2C+366%E2%80%93374

 cancer
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ann+Intern+Med.+2010+September+7%3B+153%285%29%3A+289%E2%80%93298

 Type 2 diabetes
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23779232


A study published last March found a 75 percent increase in premature deaths from all causes, and a 400 percent increase in deaths from cancer and Type 2 diabetes, among heavy consumers of animal protein under the age of 65 — those who got 20 percent or more of their calories from animal protein.


 75 percent increase in premature deaths from all causes
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606898


Low-carb, high-animal-protein diets promote heart disease via mechanisms other than just their effects on cholesterol levels. Arterial blockages may be caused by animal-protein-induced elevations in free fatty acids and insulin levels and decreased production of endothelial progenitor cells (which help keep arteries clean). Egg yolks and red meat appear to significantly increase the risk of coronary heart disease and cancer due to increased production of trimethylamine N-oxide, or TMAO, a metabolite of meat and egg yolks linked to the clogging of arteries. (Egg whites have neither cholesterol nor TMAO.)


 via mechanisms other than just their effects on cholesterol levels
  ►  http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmcibr0908756
     A Look at the Low-Carbohydrate Diet
     Steven R. Smith, M.D.
     December 3, 2009
      Mice that were fed a high-fat, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet were found to have atherosclerosis that was not associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors.


and cancer
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952174


Animal protein increases IGF-1, an insulin-like growth hormone, and chronic inflammation, an underlying factor in many chronic diseases. Also, red meat is high in Neu5Gc, a tumor-forming sugar that is linked to chronic inflammation and an increased risk of cancer. A plant-based diet may prolong life by blocking the mTOR protein, which is linked to aging. When fat calories were carefully controlled, patients lost 67 percent more body fat than when carbohydrates were controlled. An optimal diet for preventing disease is a whole-foods, plant-based diet that is naturally low in animal protein, harmful fats and refined carbohydrates. What that means in practice is little or no red meat; mostly vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes and soy products in their natural forms; very few simple and refined carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour; and sufficient “good fats” such as fish oil or flax oil, seeds and nuts. A healthful diet should be low in “bad fats,” meaning trans fats, saturated fats and hydrogenated fats. Finally, we need more quality and less quantity.


 IGF-1
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606898

 Neu5Gc
  ►  http://www.pnas.org/content/105/48/18936.full.pdf


My colleagues and I at the nonprofit Preventive Medicine Research Institute and the University of California, San Francisco, have conducted clinical research proving the many benefits of a whole-foods, plant-based diet on reversing chronic diseases, not just on reducing risk factors such as cholesterol. Our interventions also included stress management techniques, moderate exercise like walking and social support.


 stress management
  ►  http://ornishspectrum.com/proven-program/stress-management/


We showed in randomized, controlled trials that these diet and lifestyle changes can reverse the progression of even severe coronary heart disease. Episodes of chest pain decreased by 91 percent after only a few weeks. After five years there were 2.5 times fewer cardiac events. Blood flow to the heart improved by over 300 percent.


 reverse the progression
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1973470


Other physicians, including Dr. Kim A. Williams, the president of the American College of Cardiology, are also finding that these diet and lifestyle changes can reduce the need for a lifetime of medications and transform people’s lives. These changes may also slow, stop or even reverse the progression of early-stage prostate cancer, judging from results in a randomized controlled trial.


 Dr. Kim A. Williams
  ►  http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/Prevention/46860


These changes may also alter your genes [expression], turning on genes that keep you healthy, and turning off genes that promote disease. They may even lengthen telomeres, the ends of our chromosomes that control aging.


 your genes [expression]
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ornish+D%2C+PNAS

 lengthen telomeres
  ►  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24051140


The more people adhered to these recommendations (including reducing the amount of fat and cholesterol they consumed), the more improvement we measured — at any age. But for reversing disease, a whole-foods, plant-based diet seems to be necessary.

In addition, what’s good for you is good for our planet. Livestock production causes more disruption of the climate than all forms of transportation combined. And because it takes as much as 10 times more grain to produce the same amount of calories through livestock as through direct grain consumption, eating a plant-based diet could free up resources for the hungry.

What you gain is so much more than what you give up.


source:
►       https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/opinion/the-myth-of-high-protein-diets.html
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In a mythical ideal world, you would match your diet to your age range (not chronological, but biological clock and life stage) to your physical and mental activities (on duty work, off duty family time, off duty leisure, me time) (for some people, work and non-work life simply blend together); it depends on your situation, culture, and environment;  
 1. diet;
 2. biological clock and life stage (stages of life);
 3. physical and mental activities;
 4. situation (i.e. social: family, tribe, group, team), culture (i.e. Western, East, Middle East, North, South, Lowland, Highland), and environmental factors (i.e. geography & topography & terrain & elevation, relation to the equator, relation to a large body of water, a lake, or, the sea, vegetation, climate, weather, wind chill, snow, heat, cold, dry, wet, rain, shower, shade, daytime, nightime);  
 5. ‘moderation in all things’ would be the golden guiding thread (also refer to as the silk-like silver spider web, in some circle).

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 Daniel 1:12 , Bible

Then Daniel said to the steward whom the chief official had appointed over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, 12  “Please test your servants for ten days. Let us be given only vegetables to eat and water to drink. 13Then compare our appearances with those of the young men who are eating the royal food, and deal with your servants according to what you see.”…

source:
►       https://biblehub.com/daniel/1-12.htm


In Daniel chapter 1, my namesake and his friends were brought before King Nebuchadnezzar to be trained for royal service. The Bible says, “The king assigned them a daily amount of food and wine from the king’s table” (Daniel 1:5). Bible scholars say the royal food provided to the men was most likely largely meat-based. Daniel was insistent to instead trial a plant-based diet and prove to the king they would all be stronger. “Please test your servants for ten days: Give us nothing but vegetables to eat and water to drink” (verse 12).

source:
►       https://record.adventistchurch.com/2020/04/07/dare-to-eat-plants-like-daniel/


Story Overview:

When Judah turned away from God he allowed the enemy nation of Babylon to capture the Jews and take them away to Babylon.  The temple and the city walls of Jerusalem were destroyed.  King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon commanded that the brightest and most handsome captives be educated and taught to serve in the Babylonian courts.  When Daniel and four other young Jews were told to eat the king’s food they refused because it was food that God had forbidden Jews to eat.  When the officials saw that these young men were healthier and stronger when they obeyed God’s food laws, they allowed them to continue obeying the Lord. These four young men impressed the king because they were smarter than all the men in the king’s court.

source:
►       https://missionbibleclass.org/old-testament/part2/kingdom-ends-captivity-return-prophets/daniel-and-the-kings-food/
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